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Raman spectroscopy

A non-destructive laser-based technique sensitive to molecular vibration modes in pigments; complements FTIR by characterising pigment molecular structure rather than bulk ink chemistry; used to identify pigment species and detect proprietary modifications in genuine banknote pigments.

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3-D surface profilometry365 nm UV lampAginsky methodASTM E2789-11Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIRBallpoint inkBleached-genuine counterfeitBrunelle R-ratio methodCounterfeit Currency Database (CCD)CVPC (Currency Verification Processing Centre)Diphenylamine (DPA) testDye-based ink

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