Lead-Free Primer
Definition
A primer composition that omits lead styphnate, using DDNP or other compounds, producing no lead from the primer channel during discharge. Examples include RUAG SINTOX and Federal Cleansweep. Affects sodium rhodizonate interpretation.
- Replaces
- Lead styphnate
- Example compounds
- DDNP and others
- Brands
- RUAG SINTOX, Federal Cleansweep
- Test affected
- Sodium rhodizonate test
Common questions
Why does the sodium rhodizonate test need reinterpretation with lead-free primers?+
Sodium rhodizonate reacts with lead to give a characteristic colour change, which is used to visualise gunshot-residue patterns around a wound or hole. If the primer contains no lead, the test can give a negative or weak result even though a shot was genuinely fired.
Why do manufacturers make lead-free primers at all?+
They reduce lead exposure for shooters and range staff, particularly at indoor ranges where airborne lead from conventional primers is a recognised occupational health concern.
Related terms
- Azo Dye
- A class of organic dyes containing one or more azo groups (R-N=N-R'). Formed in the Griess test by coupling of a diazonium...
- Desensitisation (Griess Protocol)
- The step in the Modified Griess protocol in which background nitrite contamination (from sweat, atmospheric nitrogen, detergent) is removed from the garment...
- Modified Griess Test
- A contact-transfer colour chemistry test for nitrite-containing propellant combustion residue. Sulphanilic acid undergoes diazotisation with nitrous acid (from NO2 on the target...
- Powder Tattooing
- Stippling pattern of unburned and partially burned propellant grains embedded in the skin around an entry wound. Cannot be wiped off. Pathognomonic...
- Sodium Rhodizonate
- A chelating agent producing a scarlet-to-red colour with lead ions at acid pH. Applied to entry-wound margins and garment entry holes to...
- Soot (Blackening)
- Submicrometre carbon-rich particles from incomplete propellant combustion, deposited on the garment or skin surface around the entry hole at contact and near-contact...
- Stippling
- Abrasion marks on skin or fabric produced by partially burned propellant grains exiting the muzzle with sufficient velocity to mechanically impact the...
- Test-Fired Control Panels
- Fabric panels fired at known, measured muzzle-to-target distances using the same or equivalent weapon and ammunition as in the case, processed with...