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ESDA (Electrostatic Detection Apparatus)

A non-destructive technique for detecting indented impressions on paper caused by writing pressure. A physical ink signature on paper produces detectable ESDA traces; a printed or digitally imposed signature does not. Remains the primary countermeasure against printed AI-generated signatures.

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3D optical scanningAcid-free packagingAdversarial attackAutomatic Signature Verification (ASV)Birmingham SixC2PA (Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity)Chain of custodyCheck washingContent-aware fillCorona wireCTS-2010 (Cheque Truncation System)Diffusion model

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