Prisons, Institutional Treatment and Community Corrections

About this mock

Sources & references

Questions in this mock are written and verified against the following sources. Citations are recorded per question and shown in the explanation after submission.

• Model Prison Manual, 2016 (Ministry of Home Affairs)

  prison classification: sub-jails at the sub-divisional level for undertrials and short-term convicts

  Open source
  cited in 7 questions

• Britannica, "Auburn system"

  entry on the Pennsylvania (separate) system vs the Auburn system

  Open source
  cited in 2 questions

• Reasons to be Cheerful, "India's Open Prisons Are a Marvel of Trust-Based Incarceration"

  inmates leave daily for agricultural or industrial labour and return at night

  Open source
  cited in 2 questions

• NCRB, Prison Statistics India 2022

  undertrials were 75.8% of India's prison population (4,34,302 of 5,73,220)

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• UN Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (Bangkok Rules)

  adopted by UNGA Resolution 65/229, 22 December 2010

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Report of the All India Committee on Jail Reforms, 1980-83 (Mulla Committee)

  chaired by Justice A.N. Mulla, landmark reformative recommendations

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• The Prisoners Act, 1900

  provisions on receipt, detention and removal of prisoners between places of custody

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Britannica, "mark system"

  marks earned for industry and good conduct under Maconochie's system, adapted by Crofton in Ireland

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Bangkok Rules (UN Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners)

  Rule 19

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Avtar Singh v. State of Haryana, AIR 2002 SC 1109

  distinction between furlough (periodic entitlement, no reason required) and parole (reason-based release)

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Nelson Mandela Rules, UNGA Resolution 70/175

  adopted 17 December 2015, revising the 1955 Standard Minimum Rules on prisoner treatment conditions

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Legal Service India, "Open Prisons in India: Freedom with Responsibility and a Second Chance"

  eligibility limited to convicts with good conduct and years served in closed custody, not undertrials or high-risk convicts

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Custodial deaths in India, reform and legal literature

  custodial deaths linked to overcrowding, poor hygiene, medical negligence and institutional neglect

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Correctional reform literature on prison staffing

  understaffing weakens day-to-day supervision and institutional safety

  cited in 1 question

• Encyclopedia of Prisons & Correctional Facilities, "Irish (or Crofton) System"

  ticket of leave as conditional, revocable early release, the ancestor of parole

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Probation of Offenders Act, 1958

  Section 3, admonition and release after due admonition

  cited in 1 question

• The Probation of Offenders Act, 1958

  Section 14, duties of probation officers; Section 13, appointment of probation officers

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• NHRC / prison reform literature on overcrowding

  overcrowding strains sanitation, ventilation and medical care in Indian prisons

  cited in 1 question

• Tihar Prisons, "Panchayat System and Participative Management"

  prisoners' panchayat as inmate self-governance body under staff supervision

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Massachusetts Probation Service, history of John Augustus

  1841, Boston, release of a man charged with drunkenness into Augustus's personal supervision

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• The Prisons Act, 1894

  enacted to prescribe a uniform system of prison management across British India

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956

  Section 21, protective homes for women and girls rescued and detained under the Act

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

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Questions are written and edited by the ForensicSpot team and cited from peer-reviewed forensic textbooks, official syllabi and primary case law. Each one is verified before publishing. Detailed explanations show after you submit, so the test stays a real test. See a mistake? Tell us.

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