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NAS 1979 report

The National Academy of Sciences report 'On the Theory and Practice of Voice Identification,' which concluded that spectrographic voice identification lacked the scientific foundation to support forensic individualisation claims, including standardised criteria, independent proficiency testing, and validated error rates.

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Daubert standardENFSI BPMFormantFrye standardIAVI (International Association of Voice Identification)Likelihood ratio (LR)Proficiency testingSound spectrographVoiceprint

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