Hate Crime Enhancement
Definition
A sentencing add-on, distinct from the underlying offence, applied when a crime is proven to be motivated by bias against the victim's protected characteristic.
Related terms
- Bias Motivation
- The offender's prejudice against a victim's actual or perceived group membership that drives the selection of that victim or target, proven as...
- Hidden Male Victimisation
- Sexual or domestic victimisation of men and boys that is systematically undercounted because of stigma, service design built around female victims, and...
- Levin and McDevitt Typology
- A four-type classification of bias offenders, thrill, defensive, retaliatory and mission, built from Boston Police Department case files studied by Jack Levin...
- Message Crime
- Barbara Perry's framing of hate crime as an act aimed at intimidating an entire community sharing the victim's characteristic, not only the...
- Minority Stress
- Chronic stress produced by stigma, prejudice and expected rejection, layered on top of the ordinary stress of daily life, a concept developed...
- Mission Offender
- In the Levin and McDevitt typology, the rarest and most dangerous offender type, who treats bigotry as a life purpose and plans...
- Online Sextortion of Minors
- Coercion of a child, typically through a fabricated relationship or a threat to release sexual images, into producing further sexual content or...
- Protected Characteristic
- A victim attribute, such as race, religion, sexual orientation or disability, that a hate-crime statute names as a ground for bias motivation.
- Structural Vulnerability
- A position in the social, legal or economic order that reduces a person's power to resist harm or to seek redress after...
- Thrill Offender
- In the Levin and McDevitt typology, an offender who attacks for excitement or peer status, usually in a group, with little planning...
- Underreporting
- The gap between crimes that actually occur against a population and the share of those crimes that reach police or another recording...
Explained in these topics
- Crimes Against Women, Children and Marginalised Groups
- Hate Crimes: Modern Crime Typology (Unit I)A higher sentence made available once bias motivation is proven on top of an already-established base offence, the model typical of United States jurisdictions.