S and Marper v. UK (2008)
European Court of Human Rights Grand Chamber judgment holding that indefinite retention of fingerprints, cellular samples, and DNA profiles of unconvicted individuals in England and Wales violated Article 8 ECHR; the leading authority on biometric data retention and a frequently cited precedent in Indian courts.
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CODIS (Combined DNA Index System)Consent imbalanceDPDP Act s.17(2) exemptionsEU Prüm frameworkInformational privacyInvestigative genetic genealogy (IGG)Maryland v. King (2013)NDNADProportionality test (Puttaswamy)Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (UK)Puttaswamy 2017R (Bridges) v. Chief Constable of South Wales Police (2020)