Insecticides and Pesticides: Method Selection and Analysis (UGC-NET Unit IV)

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Sources & references

Questions in this mock are written and verified against the following sources. Citations are recorded per question and shown in the explanation after submission.

• WHO, Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard 2019

  Classification entry for aldicarb (oxime carbamate), WHO hazard Class Ia, mechanism of N-methylcarbamylation of acetylcholinesterase, reversible by spontaneous hydrolysis

  Open source
  cited in 2 questions

• Anastassiades M, Lehotay S J et al, Journal of AOAC International (2003)

  Fast and easy multiresidue method employing acetonitrile extraction partitioning and dispersive solid-phase extraction for the determination of pesticide residues in produce, AOAC Official Method 2007.01

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Anastassiades M, Lehotay S J et al, Fast and easy multiresidue method for the determination of pesticide residues in produce, AOAC Official Method 2007.01

  Salt mixture of anhydrous magnesium sulfate and sodium chloride drives acetonitrile and water phase separation in the original QuEChERS protocol

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• WHO, Clinical Management of Acute Pesticide Intoxication: Prevention of Suicidal Behaviours

  Section on organophosphate poisoning, atropine plus pralidoxime protocol, oxime reactivation of phosphorylated acetylcholinesterase before ageing

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Grob R L, Barry E F, Modern Practice of Gas Chromatography, 4th edition, Wiley-Interscience

  Chapter on selective GC detectors, principles and applications of the electron capture detector, comparative sensitivity of FID, ECD, and NPD for halogenated and heteroatom-containing analytes

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Government of India, The Insecticides Act 1968 (Act No. 46 of 1968), sections 4 and 5

  Constitution of the Central Insecticide Board and the Registration Committee (CIB&RC) under the Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare at Faridabad, statutory responsibility for registration and banning of pesticides in India

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Soderlund D M et al, Mechanisms of pyrethroid neurotoxicity, implications for cumulative risk assessment, Toxicology (2002)

  Pyrethroid binding to the voltage-gated sodium channel alpha subunit, prolonged channel opening and tail currents, type I and type II syndromes, selectivity over mammalian neurons

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Gupta S, Ahlawat S K, Aluminium phosphide poisoning, a review, Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology

  Aluminium phosphide hydrolysis in gastric acid releases phosphine gas, phosphine inhibits cytochrome c oxidase complex IV producing refractory cardiogenic shock and metabolic acidosis

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Proudfoot A T, Aluminium and zinc phosphide poisoning, Clinical Toxicology (2009)

  Mechanism of metal phosphide rodenticides, hydrolysis in gastric acid to release phosphine, inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase complex IV, refractory cardiogenic shock and metabolic acidosis

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• WHO, Biological Monitoring of Chemical Exposure in the Workplace, Volume 1

  Section on cholinesterase biomonitoring, plasma butyrylcholinesterase versus red cell acetylcholinesterase, baseline and 70 percent threshold under occupational protocols

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Report on Health Hazards of Endosulfan in Kasaragod District (NIOH 2002)

  Cohort survey of villages adjacent to the Kerala Plantation Corporation cashew estates, aerial endosulfan spraying 1976 to 2000, excess of neurological and reproductive disorders

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• FSSAI, Manual of Methods of Analysis of Foods, Pesticide Residues

  Chapter on GC-ECD for organochlorine pesticide residues in food matrices, electron capture detector with nickel-63 source for halogenated compounds

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Eddleston M, Buckley N A et al, Management of acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning, Lancet (2008)

  Pharmacology of atropine as a competitive muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, control of the SLUDGE and bronchorrhoea-bradycardia syndrome in organophosphate poisoning, titration to dry secretions

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• AOAC International, Official Methods of Analysis, Pesticide and Industrial Chemical Residues, Carbamate Insecticides

  Method discussion on HPLC with post-column derivatisation or LC-MS/MS for thermolabile N-methylcarbamates that decompose at standard GC injector temperatures

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Watt B E et al, Anticoagulant rodenticides, Toxicological Reviews (2005)

  Mechanism of second-generation 4-hydroxycoumarin rodenticides at vitamin K epoxide reductase, prolonged elimination half-life of brodifacoum, clinical management with high-dose oral phytomenadione

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Steinrucken H C, Amrhein N, The herbicide glyphosate is a potent inhibitor of 5-enolpyruvyl shikimic acid 3-phosphate synthase, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications (1980)

  Original characterisation of the EPSPS target site of glyphosate, the penultimate enzyme of the shikimate pathway in plants and microorganisms

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Tomizawa M, Casida J E, Neonicotinoid insecticide toxicology, mechanisms of selective action, Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (2005)

  Neonicotinoid agonism at the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, selectivity over the mammalian receptor by differential binding affinity at the orthosteric site

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Goldfrank L R, Hoffman R S et al, Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th edition, McGraw Hill

  Chapter on cholinesterase inhibitors: carbamate carbamylation is reversible by spontaneous hydrolysis, organophosphate phosphorylation is essentially irreversible after ageing

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, Annex B (Restriction) listing for DDT

  DDT listing under Annex B of the Stockholm Convention with specific exemption for disease vector control, organochlorine insecticide acting on the voltage-gated sodium channel

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• EURL Residues, Analytical Quality Control and Method Validation Procedures for Pesticide Residue Analysis in Food and Feed, SANTE 11312/2021

  Guidance on splitting pesticide multi-residue panels between GC-MS and LC-MS/MS based on volatility, thermal stability, polarity, and ionic character of the analyte

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Dinis-Oliveira R J et al, Paraquat poisoning, mechanisms of lung toxicity, clinical features and treatment, Critical Reviews in Toxicology (2008)

  Active uptake of paraquat into type I and type II pneumocytes by the polyamine transporter, redox cycling with NADPH and molecular oxygen, generation of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, progressive pulmonary fibrosis

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Supreme Court of India, Democratic Youth Federation of India v Union of India, Writ Petition (Civil) 213 of 2011

  Interim order of 13 May 2011 directing nationwide ban on manufacture, sale, distribution and use of endosulfan in India pending expert committee review

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• FSSAI, Food Safety and Standards (Contaminants, Toxins and Residues) Regulations 2011

  Schedule on tolerance limits for insecticides, definition of Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) in milligrams per kilogram, derivation from supervised field trials and dietary risk assessment

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Government of India, The Insecticides Act 1968 (Act No. 46 of 1968) read with the Insecticides Rules 1971

  Sections 4 and 5 constitute the Central Insecticide Board and the Registration Committee (CIB&RC) at Faridabad; the Committee registers insecticides and notifies the banned and restricted pesticides lists

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• WHO, Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2019

  Hazard class definitions and oral rat LD50 ranges, placement of parathion in Class Ia (extremely hazardous), glyphosate in Class U (unlikely to present acute hazard), malathion in Class III

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• SOFT/AAFS, Forensic Toxicology Laboratory Guidelines (2006)

  Guidance on screening versus confirmatory analysis in forensic toxicology, mass spectrometric confirmation of pesticide hits by GC-MS or LC-MS/MS with library matching

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Cravey R H and Baselt R C, Introduction to Forensic Toxicology, Biomedical Publications

  Chapter on inorganic toxicants and presumptive tests, Reinsch test for arsenic, mercury, antimony, bismuth and selenium on copper foil from hot acidic solution

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Eddleston M et al, Management of acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning, Lancet (2008)

  Mechanism and time course of ageing of phosphorylated acetylcholinesterase, oxime reactivation window, atropine plus pralidoxime treatment protocol for organophosphate poisoning

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, Annex A listings for alpha-, beta-, and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane)

  Listing of lindane (gamma-HCH) under Annex A of the Stockholm Convention in 2009 with a specific exemption for pharmaceutical use as a second-line treatment for head lice and scabies

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

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