Paternity and Maternity Testing (Mendelian Inheritance, PI Calculation, Exclusion): Application (UGC-NET Unit III)

UGC-NET Forensic Science Unit III drill on disputed paternity and maternity at the application band. Scenarios cover Mendelian inheritance (autosomal codominant ABO, autosomal Rh, X-linked, Y-linked, mitochondrial), Punnett square logic in paternity reading, ABO and Rh exclusion patterns, STR locus interpretation, Paternity Index per locus and Combined Paternity Index across panels, Probability of Paternity at neutral prior, the two-locus rule for exclusion to absorb single-locus mutation, identity by descent in close-relative paternity, step-paternity, maternity disputes (baby-swap and surrogacy), Section 112 of the Indian Evidence Act 1872 with the Goutam Kundu v. State of West Bengal AIR 1993 SC 2295 rule, and ICMR-DBT DNA Profiling Guidelines for Indian paternity casework. Companion to the Unit III easy and hard bands on the same syllabus area.