Narcotics and Opiates Analytical Workflow: Application (UGC-NET Unit IV)

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Sources & references

Questions in this mock are written and verified against the following sources. Citations are recorded per question and shown in the explanation after submission.

• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Recommended Methods for the Identification and Analysis of Heroin in Seized Materials (ST/NAR/29/Rev.1)

  Section 2, Presumptive colour-test sequence: Marquis, Mecke, Mandelin and microcrystal tests for heroin

  Open source
  cited in 6 questions

• Christrup L L, Morphine metabolites, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 41(1 Pt 2):116-122 (1997)

  Section on the active analgesic role of morphine-6-glucuronide and the inactive clearance role of morphine-3-glucuronide

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Pasternak G W, Pan Y X, Mu opioids and their receptors: evolution of a concept, Pharmacological Reviews 65(4):1257-1317 (2013)

  Section on respiratory depression via brainstem mu receptors in the pre-Botzinger complex; Edinger-Westphal pupillary signature

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Stanley T H, The fentanyl story, Journal of Pain 15(12):1215-1226 (2014)

  Section on relative analgesic potency of fentanyl and its analogues against morphine as the reference

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs, 1998 amendments raising opiate cut-off to 2000 ng/mL and adding 6-AM at 10 ng/mL

  Notice published in the Federal Register, Volume 63, Number 32, defending the change against poppy-seed false positives

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 1985 read with Information Technology Act 2000 and Section 65B of the Indian Evidence Act 1872

  Standing NCB practice on combining NDPS Section 52A chemical evidence with IT Act Section 65B-certified digital evidence in dark-net cases

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Lutfy K, Cowan A, Buprenorphine: a unique drug with complex pharmacology, Current Neuropharmacology 2(4):395-402 (2004)

  Section on partial mu agonism, kappa antagonism, and the ceiling effect on respiratory depression

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Tofan Singh v. State of Tamil Nadu, (2021) 4 SCC 1, judgment dated 29 October 2020, three-judge bench (R F Nariman, Navin Sinha JJ majority, Indira Banerjee J dissenting)

  Holding on Section 53 NCB officers as police officers under Section 25 of the Evidence Act and inadmissibility of Section 67 NDPS confessions

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs, 2017 revision

  Section on opiates panel, addition of 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM) cut-off at 10 ng/mL to confirm heroin use

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Union of India v. Mohanlal and Anr, (2016) 3 SCC 379, judgment dated 28 January 2016, three-judge bench (T S Thakur, R Banumathi, U U Lalit JJ)

  Directions on Section 52A NDPS Act sampling procedure and timeline for magisterial attestation in narcotic seizures

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology (SWGTOX), Standard practices for method validation in forensic toxicology, Journal of Analytical Toxicology 37(7):452-474 (2013)

  Section on identification criteria for MRM-based confirmation: two transitions, ion ratio and retention-time matching

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Krupitsky E et al, Injectable extended-release naltrexone for opioid dependence: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre randomised trial, Lancet 377(9776):1506-1513 (2011)

  Section on naltrexone pharmacology, dosing, and place in abstinence-based opioid relapse prevention

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Latta K S, Ginsberg B, Barkin R L, Meperidine: a critical review, American Journal of Therapeutics 9(1):53-68 (2002)

  Section on pethidine chemistry, phenylpiperidine scaffold, mu agonism, and norpethidine accumulation in renal impairment

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• van Dorp E, Yassen A, Dahan A, Naloxone treatment in opioid addiction: the risks and benefits, Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 6(2):125-132 (2007)

  Section on naloxone pharmacokinetics, competitive antagonism at the mu opioid receptor and clinical dosing

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Eap C B, Buclin T, Baumann P, Interindividual variability of the clinical pharmacokinetics of methadone, Clinical Pharmacokinetics 41(14):1153-1193 (2002)

  Section on methadone chemistry, mu agonism, and 24-36 hour elimination half-life for once-daily OAT dosing

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Grond S, Sablotzki A, Clinical pharmacology of tramadol, Clinical Pharmacokinetics 43(13):879-923 (2004)

  Section on dual mu opioid agonism plus serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibition; M1 (O-desmethyl-tramadol) metabolite

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs, 2017 revision retaining the 2000 ng/mL morphine and 10 ng/mL 6-AM opiate cut-offs

  Section on opiate panel cut-offs, history of the 1998 amendments and current confirmatory specifications

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Methods for Impurity Profiling of Heroin and Cocaine (ST/NAR/35)

  Section on GC-MS minor-alkaloid impurity profiling of heroin batches for origin and batch linkage

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Narcotics Control Bureau, India, Annual Report (latest available edition), Section on transnational trafficking and the Mizoram-Manipur transit corridor

  Read with UNODC Southeast Asia Opium Survey, regional assessment of the Golden Triangle and cross-border flows

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Crews K R et al, Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for CYP2D6 genotype and codeine therapy, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 95(4):376-382 (2014)

  Section on codeine to morphine conversion by CYP2D6 O-demethylation and metaboliser phenotypes

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Fulton C C, Modern Microcrystal Tests for Drugs: The Identification of Organic Compounds by Microcrystalloscopic Chemistry, Wiley-Interscience (1969)

  Section on heroin microcrystal morphology with gold-chloride and mercuric-iodide reagents, photographic atlas

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 1985, Section 52A on disposal of seized narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances

  As inserted by the NDPS (Amendment) Act 1988 and read with the Supreme Court direction in Union of India v. Mohanlal (2016)

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Vallejo R, Barkin R L, Wang V C, Pharmacology of opioids in the treatment of chronic pain syndromes, Pain Physician 14(4):E343-E360 (2011)

  Section on semi-synthetic morphinan opioids: hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, naloxone, naltrexone

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Kapoor L D, Opium Poppy: Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, CRC Press / Routledge (1995)

  Chapter 4, Alkaloid composition of Papaver somniferum latex and characteristic abundance ranges

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

• Strayer K E et al, Carfentanil, a fentanyl analogue, is implicated in opioid overdose deaths in Ohio, Journal of Analytical Toxicology 42(7):e75-e76 (2018)

  Section on LC-MS/MS MRM detection of trace carfentanil with deuterated internal standards in seized residue and postmortem matrices

  Open source
  cited in 1 question

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