Ethyl Alcohol in Beverages, Blood and Breath: Foundations (UGC-NET Unit IV)

UGC-NET Forensic Science Unit IV drill on ethyl alcohol at the foundations level. Covers beverage strength (ABV percentage, US proof, typical ranges for beer, wine and spirits), pharmacokinetics (gastric and jejunal absorption, ADH to acetaldehyde to ALDH to acetate, zero-order elimination near 15 mg/dL/hr), the Widmark equation BAC = A divided by (W times r) with r values for men and women, blood and breath analysis (headspace GC-FID with t-butanol or n-propanol internal standard, dual-column confirmation, electrochemical fuel-cell and infrared breathalysers, the 2100:1 blood to breath partition ratio), postmortem considerations (vitreous humor stability, microbial fermentation by Candida albicans on glucose), sodium fluoride preservatives, and the Indian legal framework (Motor Vehicles Act 1988 Section 185 with the 30 mg per 100 mL limit, Bombay Prohibition Act 1949, hooch tragedies and methanol). Easy-band questions calibrated for first-pass UGC-NET preparation and quick concept refresh.