Electrophoresis in Forensic Science: HV/LV, Immuno-electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE, IEF (UGC-NET Unit II)
Published:
Questions
30
Duration
30 min
Faculty-reviewed
0
Updated
17 May 2026
About this mock
Advanced UGC-NET Forensic Science Unit II drill on electrophoresis: charged-particle migration in an electric field, mobility derived from Stokes friction, low-voltage and high-voltage regimes, buffer choice (TBE, TAE, Tris-glycine-SDS), support media (paper, cellulose acetate, agarose, polyacrylamide), specialised techniques (SDS-PAGE for protein MW, native PAGE for activity, IEF for pI separation, two-dimensional PAGE for proteomics, capillary electrophoresis for STR fragments, MEKC for neutrals), and immuno-electrophoresis variants (Grabar-Williams, Laurell rocket, crossed Laurell, Ouchterlony double diffusion). Forensic applications cover blood group typing via Lattes and serum proteins, isoenzyme polymorphism (PGM, EsD), STR allele separation in DNA profiling, drug enantiomer separation, haemoglobin variant identification, semen confirmation via PSA and SVSA, and Indian context covering ICMR DNA labs and CFSL DNA divisions. Hard-band scenario questions test which support, buffer, voltage regime, or detection mode applies in a real forensic biology, DNA, or serology problem.
Sources & references
Questions in this mock are written and verified against the following sources. Citations are recorded per question and shown in the explanation after submission.
- cited in 3 questions
Westermeier R, Electrophoresis in Practice, 5th edition
Chapter 5, Isoelectric focusing on immobilised pH gradients: steady-state focusing
- cited in 2 questions
Saferstein R (ed), Forensic Science Handbook, Volume II
Chapter on electrophoretic techniques: low-voltage and high-voltage instrument classes
- cited in 2 questions
Butler J M, Advanced Topics in Forensic DNA Typing: Methodology, Academic Press
Capillary length, field strength and resolution in CE STR analysis
- cited in 1 question
Butler J M, Fundamentals of Forensic DNA Typing, Academic Press; FBI CODIS Core Loci documentation (2017 expansion)
Six-dye STR multiplex kits PowerPlex Fusion 6C and GlobalFiler covering CODIS 20 core loci for forensic DNA profiling
- cited in 1 question
Terabe S, Otsuka K, Ichikawa K, Tsuchiya A and Ando T, Electrokinetic separations with micellar solutions and open-tubular capillaries, Analytical Chemistry 56, 111 to 113 (1984)
Founding paper of micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) for separation of neutral analytes by CE
- cited in 1 question
OFarrell P H, High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins, Journal of Biological Chemistry 250, 4007 to 4021 (1975)
Founding paper of two-dimensional electrophoresis: IEF in the first dimension and SDS-PAGE in the second
- cited in 1 question
Laurell C B, Quantitative estimation of proteins by electrophoresis in agarose gel containing antibodies, Analytical Biochemistry 15, 45 to 52 (1966)
Original description of the rocket and crossed (two-dimensional) Laurell immunoelectrophoresis technique
- cited in 1 question
Stibler H, Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in serum: a new marker of potentially harmful alcohol consumption reviewed, Clinical Chemistry 37, 2029 to 2037 (1991)
Original characterisation of CDT by isoelectric focusing as a chronic-alcohol biomarker
- cited in 1 question
Laemmli U K, Nature 227, 680 to 685 (1970)
Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4
Open source - cited in 1 question
Applied Biosystems, 3500 / 3500xL Genetic Analyzer User Guide, Detection optics section
Solid-state 505 nm laser excitation and CCD-based multi-channel fluorescence detection for STR analysis
- cited in 1 question
Applied Biosystems, 3500xL Genetic Analyzer specification sheet
24-capillary array configuration of the 3500xL platform for high-throughput forensic DNA laboratories
- cited in 1 question
Grabar P and Williams C A, Methode permettant l etude conjuguee des proprietes electrophoretiques et immunochimiques d un melange de proteines, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 10, 193 to 194 (1953)
Founding paper of immunoelectrophoresis; serum protein resolution by combined electrophoresis and lateral antibody diffusion
- cited in 1 question
Chankvetadze B, Capillary Electrophoresis in Chiral Analysis, Wiley
Cyclodextrin-based chiral selectors for capillary electrophoresis of amphetamine-type stimulants
- cited in 1 question
Ornstein L, Disc electrophoresis, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 121, 321 to 349 (1964); Laemmli U K, Nature 227, 680 to 685 (1970)
Discontinuous-buffer disc electrophoresis and the Kohlrausch regulating function for sample stacking
- cited in 1 question
Applied Biosystems, GeneMapper ID-X Software User Guide and GeneScan Size Standard documentation
Internal size standards GS-500 LIZ and GS-600 LIZ for STR fragment sizing on the 3500 platform
- cited in 1 question
Butler J M, Fundamentals of Forensic DNA Typing, Academic Press
Chapter 9, Capillary electrophoresis: buffer chemistry and resolution in STR analysis
- cited in 1 question
Hopkinson D A, Mestriner M A, Cortner J and Harris H, Esterase D: a new human polymorphism, Annals of Human Genetics 37, 119 to 137 (1973)
Original description of the EsD red-cell esterase polymorphism used in forensic biology
- cited in 1 question
Hames B D and Rickwood D (eds), Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins: A Practical Approach, 3rd edition
Molecular weight estimation by SDS-PAGE: the log MW versus Rf calibration plot
- cited in 1 question
Hjerten S, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics Supplement 1, 147 (1962)
Pore size of polyacrylamide gels as a function of total monomer and cross-linker
- cited in 1 question
Landers J P (ed), Handbook of Capillary and Microchip Electrophoresis and Associated Microtechniques, 3rd edition
Chapter on electroosmotic flow and the zeta potential of fused-silica capillary walls
- cited in 1 question
Applied Biosystems, 3500 / 3500xL Genetic Analyzer User Guide
Polymer selection and the linear polydimethylacrylamide chemistry of POP-4 for STR analysis
- cited in 1 question
Schmidt R M and Brosious E M, Basic Laboratory Methods for Haemoglobinopathy Detection, CDC
Cellulose acetate electrophoresis at alkaline pH for primary haemoglobin variant screening
- cited in 1 question
Laurell C B, Analytical Biochemistry 15, 45 to 52 (1966)
Quantitative rocket immunoelectrophoresis and its calibration in agarose gel with antiserum
- cited in 1 question
Pauling L, Itano H A, Singer S J and Wells I C, Sickle cell anemia, a molecular disease, Science 110, 543 to 548 (1949)
First identification of HbS by electrophoresis as a charge variant of HbA; founding paper of molecular medicine
- cited in 1 question
Eckert W G (ed), Introduction to Forensic Sciences, 2nd edition, CRC Press
Chapter on isoenzyme polymorphism in dried bloodstains: native PAGE with activity staining
- cited in 1 question
Sutton J G and Burgess R, Genetic evidence for four common alleles at the phosphoglucomutase-1 locus (PGM1) detectable by isoelectric focusing, Vox Sanguinis 34, 97 to 103 (1978)
Original description of PGM1 subtype system used in forensic biology
How our mocks are built
Questions are written and edited by the ForensicSpot team and cited from peer-reviewed forensic textbooks, official syllabi and primary case law. Each one is verified before publishing. Detailed explanations show after you submit, so the test stays a real test. See a mistake? Tell us.
Common questions
What does the Electrophoresis in Forensic Science: HV/LV, Immuno-electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE, IEF (UGC-NET Unit II) mock cover?+
Advanced UGC-NET Forensic Science Unit II drill on electrophoresis: charged-particle migration in an electric field, mobility derived from Stokes friction, low-voltage and high-voltage regimes, buffer choice (TBE, TAE, Tris-glycine-SDS), support media (paper, cellulose acetate, agarose, polyacrylamide), specialised techniques (SDS-PAGE for protein MW, native PAGE for activity, IEF for pI separation, two-dimensional PAGE for proteomics, capillary electrophoresis for STR fragments, MEKC for neutra
How many questions and how long is the test?+
30 multiple-choice questions, 30 minutes total. Difficulty: hard. Tier: Premium.
Who is this mock for?+
Forensic science students and aspirants who want timed, exam-style practice with explanations and verified source citations on NET. Useful for postgraduate entrance preparation and for BSc / MSc forensic students testing their recall under time.
Are the questions reviewed?+
Each question carries a verified source citation. Faculty review for individual questions is in progress.
Do I need an account to take this mock?+
Yes, a free ForensicSpot account is required to start a timed attempt — this lets you save progress, see per-question explanations after submission, and track your topic-level performance over time.