Classical Extraction (STAS-Otto, Ammonium Sulphate, Distillation, Microdiffusion): Application (UGC-NET Unit IV)

UGC-NET Forensic Science Unit IV drill on classical extraction, isolation and clean-up of poisons at the application band. Scenarios cover the Stas-Otto (1851 and 1856) general-unknown workflow on viscera with sequential pH-controlled liquid-liquid partition into acid-neutral, basic, alkaloid and conjugate fractions, ammonium sulphate salting-out for protein-bound drugs, steam and simple distillation for volatiles (methanol, ethanol, phenols, ammonia), Conway microdiffusion (1947) for cyanide, formaldehyde, sulfide and other small volatiles in small-volume blood and viscera, Fresenius-Babo dry destruction and HNO3-H2SO4-HClO4 wet ashing for metallic poisons in the toxicology section, Reinsch screening, and Visking dialysis for separating small molecules from protein matrices. Indian context covers CFSL Hyderabad's classical screening tier ahead of HPLC and LC-MS confirmation.