Multimedia Forensics: Photogrammetry and BSA Section 39 Admissibility
Published:
Questions
30
Duration
30 min
Faculty-reviewed
0
Updated
24 May 2026
About this mock
UGC-NET Forensic Science Unit VI hard-band drill on multimedia forensics, covering close-range photogrammetry, terrestrial laser scanning, 360-degree scene capture, digital image authentication, and the Indian legal framework for expert opinion and electronic records under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023. Questions are calibrated to the one-parameter distractor standard: distractors differ from the correct answer on a single EXIF tag, one BSA section number, one scanner accuracy figure, or one photogrammetric parameter.
This mock is aimed at MSc Forensic Science students preparing for UGC-NET Paper II, NFSU MSc entrance examinations, and FACT digital-forensics papers. The legal segment maps to Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer (2014) 2 SCC 1 and Arjun Panditrao Khotkar v. Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal (2020) 7 SCC 1 on electronic-record certification under Section 65B IEA 1872, now carried forward as Section 63 BSA 2023. Expert opinion admissibility under Section 45 IEA 1872, now Section 39 BSA 2023, is examined through accident-reconstruction and scene-measurement scenarios.
Topics covered:
- Parallax, focal-length calibration, and image-pair triangulation in close-range photogrammetry
- Ground control points and their role in georeferencing photogrammetric models
- Stereoscopic versus single-image photogrammetry in accident and crime-scene reconstruction
- FARO Focus laser scanner, NavVis M6, and Matterport Pro2: resolution and accuracy specifications
- Terrestrial LiDAR: time-of-flight principle, millimetre accuracy, and hit-and-run reconstruction
- EXIF metadata fields (DateTime, GPS tags, FocalLength) and their forensic significance
- Error level analysis and copy-move detection for digital image authentication
- Section 39 BSA 2023 (formerly Section 45 IEA 1872) on admissibility of expert opinion
- Section 63 BSA 2023 (formerly Section 65B IEA 1872) on the electronic-records certificate
- Chain of custody and peer review requirements for photographic and scan evidence
Allow 30 minutes.
Sources & references
Questions in this mock are written and verified against the following sources. Citations are recorded per question and shown in the explanation after submission.
- cited in 8 questions
Wolf, Paul R. and Dewitt, Bon A. — Elements of Photogrammetry with Applications in GIS, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2014
Chapter 6: Interior Orientation and Camera Calibration; principal distance, principal point, and distortion coefficients
- cited in 6 questions
Robinson, Edward M. — Crime Scene Photography, 3rd Edition, Academic Press, 2016
Chapter 15: 3-D Scene Documentation Technology; mobile mapping systems and SLAM-based indoor scanning
- cited in 5 questions
Farid, Hany — Photo Forensics, MIT Press, 2016
Chapter 1: Introduction to Photo Forensics; chain of custody, hash integrity, and digital evidence standards for forensic image and scan data
- cited in 4 questions
Saferstein, Richard — Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science, 12th Edition, Pearson, 2018
Chapter 2: The Crime Laboratory and Physical Evidence; point-cloud data structure, intensity channel, and forensic applications
- cited in 2 questions
Sharma, B.R. — Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation and Trials, 5th Edition, Universal Law Publishing
Chapter on Expert Opinion and Testimony; weight versus admissibility distinction; Indian courts and the absence of a Daubert standard
- cited in 1 question
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023, Section 39; Indian Evidence Act 1872, Section 45
BSA 2023 expert-opinion provision; stale-law dual citation: Section 45 IEA 1872 now Section 39 BSA 2023, effective 1 July 2024
Open source - cited in 1 question
Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer, (2014) 2 SCC 1; Indian Evidence Act 1872, Sections 65A and 65B
Supreme Court of India, Constitution Bench on Section 65B as exclusive code for electronic records, exclusion of Sections 63 and 65 IEA
Open source - cited in 1 question
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023, Section 39; Sharma, B.R. — Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation and Trials, 5th Edition, Universal Law Publishing
Chapter on Expert Testimony; especially-skilled standard under Section 45 IEA 1872 (now Section 39 BSA 2023) and judicial assessment of expertise
Open source - cited in 1 question
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023, Section 63; Indian Evidence Act 1872, Section 65B; Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer, (2014) 2 SCC 1
Section 65B IEA 1872 (now Section 63 BSA 2023); Arjun Panditrao Khotkar v. Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal, (2020) 7 SCC 1 on mandatory certificate
Open source - cited in 1 question
Arjun Panditrao Khotkar v. Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal, (2020) 7 SCC 1; Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023, Section 63
Constitution Bench on mandatory character of Section 65B(4) IEA (now Section 63(4) BSA 2023), overruling Tomaso Bruno (2015)
Open source
How our mocks are built
Questions are written and edited by the ForensicSpot team and cited from peer-reviewed forensic textbooks, official syllabi and primary case law. Each one is verified before publishing. Detailed explanations show after you submit, so the test stays a real test. See a mistake? Tell us.
Common questions
What does the Multimedia Forensics: Photogrammetry and BSA Section 39 Admissibility mock cover?+
UGC-NET Forensic Science Unit VI hard-band drill on multimedia forensics, covering close-range photogrammetry, terrestrial laser scanning, 360-degree scene capture, digital image authentication, and the Indian legal framework for expert opinion and electronic records under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023. Questions are calibrated to the one-parameter distractor standard: distractors differ from the correct answer on a single EXIF tag, one BSA section number, one scanner accuracy figure, or
How many questions and how long is the test?+
30 multiple-choice questions, 30 minutes total. Difficulty: hard. Tier: Premium.
Who is this mock for?+
Forensic science students and aspirants who want timed, exam-style practice with explanations and verified source citations on Multimedia Authentication and Deepfake Forensics, NET. Useful for postgraduate entrance preparation and for BSc / MSc forensic students testing their recall under time.
Are the questions reviewed?+
Each question carries a verified source citation. Faculty review for individual questions is in progress.
Do I need an account to take this mock?+
Yes, a free ForensicSpot account is required to start a timed attempt — this lets you save progress, see per-question explanations after submission, and track your topic-level performance over time.