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Applied easy-level mock covering practical forensic serology techniques and bloodstain pattern analysis. Covers differential extraction, area of origin stringing technique, ALS wavelengths, RSID strips, Y-STR, touch DNA risks, cast-off patterns, arterial spurting, wipe vs swipe, void patterns, MMP-10 menstrual blood, secondary DNA transfer, hair root vs shaft DNA, urine identification, Christmas tree stain, bite mark double swab, azoospermia scenario, MoHFW rape kit timing, contact vs projected bloodstains, ABO distribution in India, angle of impact formula (sin theta = W/L), mini-STR for degraded DNA, wet stain collection methods, absorption-inhibition vs absorption-elution, Locard exchange in serology, ABO typing from secretor seminal stain, CFSL DNA loci and CODIS compatibility, blood appearing dark under ALS, serology report confirmatory threshold, and impact spatter droplet size by velocity. Allow 15 minutes.
An easy-level 30-question mock covering the foundational vocabulary, core concepts, and essential techniques of forensic serology for NFSU MSc and FACT candidates. All questions are at the definitional and conceptual level — covering blood identification, ABO grouping, semen identification, bloodstain pattern analysis basics, DNA fundamentals, and body fluid identification. Topics include: definition and scope of forensic serology (blood group typing + body fluid ID + DNA + bloodstain analysis), ABO blood group system (antigens on red cells + antibodies in serum + genetic basis), Kastle-Meyer phenolphthalein test (presumptive blood test; haemoglobin peroxidase + H2O2 → pink), Rh factor (D antigen; Rh positive = D antigen present; forensic relevance), luminol test (haemoglobin iron + H2O2 → blue chemiluminescence; 1:10 million sensitivity), Teichmann crystal test (hemin crystals; haematin + NaCl + glacial acetic acid + heat = dark brown rhombic; confirmatory for blood), secretor status (80% secrete ABO antigens in body fluids; non-secretors test as O), Ouchterlony double diffusion (precipitin test; species identification of bloodstains), PSA p30 (prostate-specific antigen; confirmatory marker for semen; present without sperm), universal donor group O (no A or B antigens on red cells), acid phosphatase (presumptive test for semen; 400x higher in seminal plasma; not confirmatory), Hemastix TMB (tetramethylbenzidine; blue-green presumptive blood test; safer benzidine alternative), Takayama haemochromogen crystal test (haemochromogen crystals from pyridine + haematin; confirmatory for blood), ABO antigen location (A antigen = GalNAc on H antigen; B antigen = Gal on H antigen), TMB (tetramethylbenzidine; blue-green colour; oxidised by haemoglobin peroxidase), sperm microscopy (Christmas tree stain; nuclear fast red + picric acid; red heads + yellow tails), immunochromatographic PSA strip (RSID-Semen; ABAcard p30; rapid confirmatory for semen), hair shaft layers (cuticle + cortex + medulla; cuticle = overlapping scales; DNA in cortex nuclei), amylase for saliva identification (Phadebas test; SALIgAE; 40,000 U/mL in saliva), leucomalachite green LMG (malachite green leuco form → green colour; presumptive blood test), chain of custody (documented unbroken record from collection to court; break = admissibility challenge), passive bloodstains (gravity only; circular with crenation; satellite drops at higher fall height), precipitin test species identification (Ouchterlony double diffusion; anti-human serum + stain extract → precipitation line = human), mtDNA from hair (mitochondrial DNA from hair shaft; maternal lineage only; hundreds of copies per cell), presumptive vs confirmatory hierarchy (presumptive = screening; confirmatory = species or type specific; required for court), luminol and bleach (bleach = false positive by oxidising luminol; plant peroxidases also false positive), non-secretor impact on forensic ABO typing (non-secretor = no ABO antigens in body fluids; stain types as group O regardless of blood group), benzidine discontinuation (IARC Group 1 bladder carcinogen; replaced by KM and LMG), absorption-elution technique (ABO typing from stains; absorb antibody → wash → elute by heat → test on indicator red cells), and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; quantitative immunological method for body fluid and protein identification). Themes covered: - Blood identification: KM, luminol, Teichmann, Takayama, TMB, LMG, HemaTrace - ABO and Rh blood groups: antigen-antibody system, secretor status, universal donor - Semen identification: AP, PSA/p30, Christmas tree stain - Saliva identification: amylase, Phadebas - Bloodstain pattern analysis: passive patterns, luminol applications - DNA from biological evidence: hair mtDNA, secretor genetics - Forensic procedures: chain of custody, precipitin species testing, absorption-elution Allow 15 minutes.