Blood Stain Detection and Identification: Foundations (UGC-NET Unit III)
Published:
Questions
30
Duration
30 min
Faculty-reviewed
0
Updated
17 May 2026
About this mock
UGC-NET Forensic Science Unit III drill on detection and identification of blood stains at the foundations level. Covers presumptive colour tests (Kastle-Meyer with phenolphthalein, Leuco-malachite green, Tetramethylbenzidine, the historical and carcinogenic Benzidine), Luminol chemiluminescence for latent and cleaned stains, confirmatory crystal tests (Teichmann haemin and Takayama haemochromogen), spectroscopic confirmation through the Soret band of haemoglobin, common interferences from horseradish peroxidase, copper salts, rust and bleach, sensitivity benchmarks for Luminol down to 1 in 10,000 dilution, proper collection of wet and dried stains, aging of bloodstains through oxyhaemoglobin to methaemoglobin to hemichrome, identification of menstrual versus venous blood via D-dimer ELISA, rapid immunochromatographic tests (RSID-Blood, Hexagon OBTI), species identification through Ouchterlony precipitin, and bloodstain pattern analysis basics (passive, transfer and projected patterns, angle of impact, area of origin).
Built for UGC-NET Paper II Forensic Science aspirants, NFSU MSc Forensic Biology and Serology students, FACT candidates, and CFSL Biology Division trainees who need a quick concept refresh on serology foundations.
Topics covered:
- Kastle-Meyer test and phenolphthalin chemistry
- Luminol chemiluminescence and 1 in 10,000 dilution sensitivity
- Leuco-malachite green and Tetramethylbenzidine
- Benzidine carcinogenicity (IARC Group 1) and modern replacements
- Teichmann and Takayama confirmatory crystal tests
- Soret band absorption peak of haemoglobin near 415 nm
- Interferences (horseradish peroxidase, copper, rust, bleach)
- Menstrual versus venous blood and D-dimer ELISA
- Bloodstain pattern analysis basics and angle of impact
Easy-band questions calibrated for first-pass UGC-NET preparation. Allow 30 minutes.
Sources & references
Questions in this mock are written and verified against the following sources. Citations are recorded per question and shown in the explanation after submission.
- cited in 5 questions
Saferstein R, Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science
Pearson, 12th Edition, Chapter on Forensic Serology: Presumptive Colour Tests
- cited in 3 questions
Bureau of Police Research and Development, Crime Scene Investigation Manual
BPRD, Ministry of Home Affairs, Chapter on Chain of Custody for Biological and Physical Evidence
- cited in 3 questions
Cox M, A study of the sensitivity and specificity of four presumptive tests for blood, Journal of Forensic Sciences
Volume 36, Number 5, 1991, Interferences from transition metal ions on presumptive tests
- cited in 2 questions
Scientific Working Group on Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (SWGSTAIN), Recommended Terminology
SWGSTAIN, 2009, Glossary entries for wipe pattern and swipe pattern under transfer mechanisms
- cited in 2 questions
Sharma B R, Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation and Trials
Universal Law Publishing, Chapter on Serological Examination of Blood, Takayama haemochromogen test
- cited in 2 questions
Barni F, Lewis S W, Berti A et al, Forensic application of the luminol reaction as a presumptive test for latent blood detection, Talanta
Volume 72, 2007, pages 896 to 913, Mechanism and emission spectrum of luminol chemiluminescence
- cited in 1 question
Castello A, Alvarez M, Verdu F, Use of luminol in detecting blood stains exposed to bleach, Forensic Science International
Volume 139, 2004, pages 1 to 4, False positive luminol reaction on hypochlorite-cleaned surfaces
- cited in 1 question
James S H, Kish P E, Sutton T P, Principles of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: Theory and Practice
CRC Press, Chapter on Area of Convergence and Area of Origin Reconstruction by String Method
- cited in 1 question
Schweers B A, Old J, Boonlayangoor P W, Reich K A, Developmental validation of a novel lateral flow strip test for rapid identification of human blood (Rapid Stain Identification of Blood), Forensic Science International Genetics
Volume 2, 2008, pages 243 to 247, RSID-Blood validation and glycophorin A specificity
- cited in 1 question
Weber K, The use of chemiluminescence of luminol in forensic medicine, Deutsche Zeitschrift fur die gesamte gerichtliche Medizin
Volume 57, 1966, Composition of the luminol working solution for crime scene application
- cited in 1 question
Federal Bureau of Investigation, Handbook of Forensic Services
FBI Laboratory Division, Collection of Dried Bloodstains from Non-Porous Surfaces
- cited in 1 question
Hochmeister M N, Budowle B, Sparkes R et al, Validation studies of an immunochromatographic 1-step test for the forensic identification of human blood, Journal of Forensic Sciences
Volume 44, 1999, pages 597 to 602, Hexagon OBTI validation for human haemoglobin identification
- cited in 1 question
Ouchterlony O, Diffusion-in-gel methods for immunological analysis, Progress in Allergy
Volume 5, 1958, pages 1 to 78, Double diffusion technique for species identification by precipitin
- cited in 1 question
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 99, Benzidine
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2010, Classification of benzidine as Group 1 carcinogen
- cited in 1 question
Holland V R, Saunders B C, Rose F L, Walpole A L, A safer substitute for benzidine in the detection of blood, Tetrahedron
Volume 30, 1974, pages 3299 to 3302, Introduction of tetramethylbenzidine as a benzidine replacement
- cited in 1 question
Bremmer R H, de Bruin K G, van Gemert M J C, van Leeuwen T G, Aalders M C G, Forensic quest for age determination of bloodstains, Forensic Science International
Volume 216, 2012, pages 1 to 11, Reflectance spectroscopy of bloodstain aging from oxyhaemoglobin to hemichrome
- cited in 1 question
Akutsu T, Watanabe K, Sakurada K, Specificity of mRNA-based and ELISA-based markers for menstrual blood identification, Legal Medicine
Volume 15, 2013, pages 281 to 285, D-dimer ELISA and endometrial mRNA as menstrual blood markers
- cited in 1 question
Schwartz S et al, Determination of porphyrins in biological materials, Methods of Biochemical Analysis
Volume 8, 1960, pages 221 to 293, Soret band and Q band absorption maxima for haemoglobin derivatives
- cited in 1 question
Bevel T, Gardner R M, Bloodstain Pattern Analysis with an Introduction to Crime Scene Reconstruction
CRC Press, 3rd Edition, Chapter on Geometry of Bloodstains and Calculation of Angle of Impact
How our mocks are built
Questions are written and edited by the ForensicSpot team and cited from peer-reviewed forensic textbooks, official syllabi and primary case law. Each one is verified before publishing. Detailed explanations show after you submit, so the test stays a real test. See a mistake? Tell us.
Common questions
What does the Blood Stain Detection and Identification: Foundations (UGC-NET Unit III) mock cover?+
UGC-NET Forensic Science Unit III drill on detection and identification of blood stains at the foundations level. Covers presumptive colour tests (Kastle-Meyer with phenolphthalein, Leuco-malachite green, Tetramethylbenzidine, the historical and carcinogenic Benzidine), Luminol chemiluminescence for latent and cleaned stains, confirmatory crystal tests (Teichmann haemin and Takayama haemochromogen), spectroscopic confirmation through the Soret band of haemoglobin, common interferences from horse
How many questions and how long is the test?+
30 multiple-choice questions, 30 minutes total. Difficulty: easy. Tier: Premium.
Who is this mock for?+
Forensic science students and aspirants who want timed, exam-style practice with explanations and verified source citations on NET. Useful for postgraduate entrance preparation and for BSc / MSc forensic students testing their recall under time.
Are the questions reviewed?+
Each question carries a verified source citation. Faculty review for individual questions is in progress.
Do I need an account to take this mock?+
Yes, a free ForensicSpot account is required to start a timed attempt — this lets you save progress, see per-question explanations after submission, and track your topic-level performance over time.