Forensic Anthropology: Applied Analysis and Case Interpretation

This medium-level mock requires application of forensic anthropology principles to case scenarios, differential diagnosis, and multi-step analytical reasoning — testing the depth of understanding needed for NFSU MSc and FACT examinations. Questions are scenario-based and require candidates to evaluate evidence, apply methodology, and reason through professional boundaries.

Questions cover: multi-indicator adult age estimation (pubic symphysis + auricular surface + rib sternal end; combined overlap range as best practice), sex determination when pelvis is unavailable (skull morphological scoring; 80–85% accuracy), fracture sequencing principle (fractures stop at existing fracture lines; establish order of multiple blunt force impacts), hyoid bone in strangulation (fractured in 34% of manual strangulation; not pathognomonic; intact hyoid does not exclude), porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia (iron deficiency and haemolytic anaemia; marrow hyperplasia expanding through skull vault and orbital roofs), differential diagnosis of lytic bone lesions (multiple myeloma = punched-out lesions without sclerosis; distinct from Pott's disease and osteoporosis), skeletal indicators of child abuse vs accidental injury (high-specificity = posterior rib fractures + CML; single FOOSH radius fracture = accidental), saw mark analysis in dismemberment (hand saw features = false start + breakaway spur + parallel floor striations), burned bone analysis challenges (shrinkage 10–25%; shrinkage correction factors required; morphological sex and age still possible), bone histomorphometry for age estimation (secondary osteon accumulation with age; Kerley method; useful when macroscopic indicators absent), fluorine and nitrogen relative dating (older bone = higher fluorine + lower nitrogen; relative, not absolute; Piltdown Man example), FORDISC limitations for Indian populations (South Asian underrepresented in reference database; unreliable group assignment; supplement with morphological assessment), scope of forensic anthropological cause of death testimony (describes skeletal trauma + timing; formal cause of death certification = pathologist), Harris lines as growth arrest indicators (transverse metaphyseal density lines = episodes of childhood illness or nutritional stress), osteogenesis imperfecta vs child abuse (OI = wormian bones + generalised osteopenia + dentinogenesis imperfecta; NAI = CML + posterior rib fractures without systemic bone disease), radiocarbon bomb pulse dating (post-1950 bone shows elevated 14C; forensic vs archaeological distinction; AMS measurement of bone collagen), skull trauma reconstruction and victim position (impact location + fracture direction + sequencing + scene evidence integration), simultaneous vs staggered mass grave deaths (taphonomic consistency = similar weathering stage + decomposition state), dental pathology as health indicator (periapical abscesses + calculus + caries + ante-mortem tooth loss = years of poor dental health = middle to older adult), joint disarticulation in dismemberment (articular surface scoring marks + no bone shaft cut marks = knife periarticular dismemberment; knowledge of joint anatomy), Indian taphonomic challenges (high temperature + humidity + year-round invertebrates + scavengers = very fast decomposition; temperate PMI formulae overestimate), gunshot wound trajectory in mass execution context (occipital base entry + frontal exit = posterior-inferior to anterior-superior = kneeling/prone victim), forensic anthropology report components (case ID + chain of custody + methods + findings + biological profile + trauma + limitations + qualifications), exhumation protocols (court order + multi-specialist team + grave profile documentation + stratigraphy + sieving + chain of custody), biological profile to positive identification pathway (profile narrows pool; positive ID requires unique feature match from antemortem records), bone weathering Stage 3–4 interpretation (longitudinal cracking + cortical flaking + chalky texture + no soil staining = years of surface exposure), ambiguous pelvic sex morphology management (quantitative + probabilistic reporting; indeterminate is valid; recommend DNA), pedestrian road traffic accident Waddell's triad (bumper fractures tibia/fibula + pelvis hits bonnet + head hits ground; tibia fracture height indicates vehicle), expert witness cross-examination on age ranges (age range = scientifically appropriate output; single year = false precision; defend the range), and ankylosing spondylitis vs DISH differential diagnosis (AS = bilateral sacroiliac ankylosis + syndesmophytes; DISH = anterior ossification + sacroiliac joints spared).

Themes covered:

• Age estimation methodology: multi-indicator approach, histomorphometry, Harris lines, dental pathology age
• Sex determination: unavailable pelvis, ambiguous morphology, professional reporting
• Trauma analysis: fracture sequencing, hyoid, dismemberment, child abuse, RTA, gunshot trajectory
• Pathology differential diagnosis: multiple myeloma, OI vs NAI, AS vs DISH, porotic hyperostosis
• Scene and taphonomy: exhumation, Indian taphonomy, burned bone, fluorine dating, radiocarbon
• Professional practice: court testimony scope, report standards, cross-examination, identification pathway
• Context: FORDISC limitations for India, mass grave analysis, mass execution analysis

Each question cites Byers' Introduction to Forensic Anthropology 5th edition. Allow 15 minutes.